Abstract：Different from the formal education mode for elite to acquire knowledge, the grass-roots group represented by informal groups rely more on informal education channels to learn knowledge and skills due to various difficulties in real life. Informal groups are special groups existing in the development of modern cities in China, and the informal tourism business group is a typical representative of the informal groups. This paper takes informal tourism business group as the research object and adopts qualitative research method to explore their knowledge & skills learning and management process on the basis of individual interview and non-participatory observation. The study found that the knowledge learning of informal business group is embedded in the social network structure, showing obvious collective behavior characteristics. What's more, based on the rules of "personal relationships and networks embedded in family, society, friends or ethnic groups", knowledge sharing in group is highly depends on relationship orientation, and an informal hierarchy of "core-sub-core-edge" has been formed within the group. In informal group which lack formal hierarchy structure, the flow of knowledge is also used as a disciplinary management means to maintain the authority of the hierarchy and react on the group organization. While at the same time ensuring the orderly fairness of informal groups. In addition, through the standardization of knowledge and skills,the group enhances the collective sharing reciprocal effect through the standardization of knowledge and skills, which provides alternative operational rules when the formal education welfare is insufficient and forms a strong guarantee for the "bottom-up" group learning and knowledge flow of the informal business groups.
文彤, 秦涔, 黎结仪, 刘小同. 传授、规训与共享：非正规旅游经营者的群体学习与知识流动[J]. 人文地理, 2020, 35(2): 132-141.
WEN Tong, QIN Cen, LI Jie-yi, LIU Xiao-tong. IMPARTING, DISCIPLINE AND SHARING: GROUP LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE FLOW OF INFORMAL TOURISM OPERATORS. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 35(2): 132-141.
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